The familiar urban bench, a place for rest and conversation, is increasingly at the center of a heated design debate. Many cities worldwide have subtly (and not-so-subtly) incorporated "anti-sleeping" or "hostile architecture" features into their public seating. But what are these designs, and should we consider them?
Common anti-sleeping designs include individual armrests dividing the seating surface, sloped seats, segmented or curved benches, and even metal bars or bumps placed in the center. The stated intent is often to maintain public order, prevent vandalism, and ensure benches are used for their "primary purpose" of short-term sitting. Proponents argue they reduce long-term occupation, which can sometimes be associated with loitering or homelessness.
However, this approach sparks significant ethical controversy. Critics label it as "anti-homeless" architecture, arguing it weaponizes design to exclude vulnerable populations. It prioritizes deterrence over compassion, making public spaces less accessible for everyone—not just those seeking to sleep. An elderly person needing to lie down, a tired traveler, or a child wanting to stretch out finds these benches equally unwelcoming. This design philosophy raises a core question: who truly owns and is entitled to use public space?
Instead of exclusionary design, many urban planners and advocates suggest alternative, inclusive solutions. These include investing in adequate shelter and social services, designing benches that are comfortable yet encourage turnover (like timed-use park seating), and creating more versatile public furniture that accommodates a wider range of activities. The goal shifts from policing behavior to fostering vibrant, welcoming communities.
Ultimately, the benches in our cities reflect our societal values. While maintenance and fair use are valid concerns, designs that deliberately inflict discomfort solve a symptom, not the root cause, of social issues. A compassionate and practical approach seeks to create spaces that are both functional and humane, ensuring our public realm remains open and restorative for all citizens.